Farmland India
Green paddy fields divided by earthen bunds beside a river with sandy banks on the Gangetic plain in Bihar

State guide

Buying Land in Bihar

No farmer-only rule, but a family ceiling, SDO conversion, a resurvey running to 2027, a 2026 MVR reset and floods across 73% of the state.

  • 38

    Districts

  • 94,163 sq km

    Area

  • 73.06%

    Flood-affected area (WRD)

  • 45.54%

    Groundwater extraction (2024)

State land record — Bihar

Rev. 2026 · Farmland India desk

Regions (informal)

North Bihar (Mithila, Tirhut, Kosi and Seemanchal, north of the Ganga) and South Bihar (Magadh, Bhojpur and the Patna belt, south of the Ganga)

Total districts

38 (Deccan Herald)

State area

94,163 sq km, of which about 68,800 sq km (73.06%) is flood affected (FMIS, Water Resources Department)

Groundwater extraction

45.54% of recharge, 2024; 473 of 535 units safe (CGWB, January 2025)

Land records

Jamabandi (register II), Khatiyan, mutation and maps through the Revenue and Land Reforms Department’s Bihar Bhumi portal; corrections through Parimarjan; deed services on Nibandhan

Governing acts

Bihar Tenancy Act 1885 · Bihar Land Reforms (Fixation of Ceiling Area and Acquisition of Surplus Land) Act 1961 · Bihar Agricultural Land (Conversion for Non-Agricultural Purposes) Act 2010 · Bihar Special Survey and Settlement Act 2011

Stamp duty (conveyance)

6% stamp duty and 2% registration fee, as stated in the CAG audit for 2017-18; reported rates vary by buyer and area

MVR (government rate)

Minimum Value Register revised in 2026, first since 2013 (rural) and 2016 (urban), as reported (Prabhat Khabar, June 2026)

State overview

Bihar — from the Kosi floodplain to the Patna belt

Bihar is a flat, crowded, river-made state of 38 districts and 94,163 sq km in the middle Ganga plain (FMIS, Water Resources Department). The Ganga cuts it in two. North of the river, the Gandak, Burhi Gandak, Bagmati, Kamla Balan, Kosi and Mahananda come down from Nepal with heavy silt, and the state counts about 73% of its area as flood affected. South of the river the land is older alluvium running up to the Chotanagpur edge, with the Sone, Punpun and Phalgu as the main rivers. The 2011 Census counted 10.41 crore people, one of the highest densities in India, which is why farm holdings are small and most land is sold in fractions of an acre.

Water is plentiful but unevenly controlled. The Central Ground Water Board put Bihar’s groundwater extraction at 45.54% of annual recharge in 2024, with 473 of 535 assessment units safe and only four over-exploited, mostly in the central belt south of the Ganga (CGWB, January 2025). The constraint here is too much water in the monsoon rather than too little in summer. Air links have grown fast: Patna opened a new terminal in May 2025, Darbhanga has flown under UDAN since 2020, Purnea got an interim terminal in September 2025 and a civil enclave is being built at Bihta (PIB, September 2025). Road money is going into the Patna–Purnia expressway, the Gorakhpur–Siliguri and Raxaul–Haldia expressways, and a ring road around Patna, each covered below with its status.

For land buyers, Bihar is a records state. Asking prices are usually quoted in kattha or decimal, the government rate (MVR) was revised in 2026 for the first time in about a decade, and a statewide resurvey is still rewriting the Khatiyan in many villages. A clean Jamabandi, a completed Dakhil Kharij in the seller’s name and a flood check matter more here than any headline about a new road. Most buyers we see fall into three groups: families from Bihar working elsewhere in India or abroad who want a plot near their home district, Patna professionals looking for a farmhouse or orchard within driving distance of the city, and long-term holders betting on the new expressways and the Bihta airport. Each needs the same paperwork, but the risks differ: the first group often buys from relatives with unpartitioned land, the second meets township zoning and conversion rules, and the third faces alignment changes and acquisition.

  • Eastern India
  • Patna
  • Middle Ganga plain
  • North Bihar floodplain
  • Bihar Bhumi
  • Special survey
Locator map of Bihar state in India

Market bands

Reported valuation reference points — Bihar

There is no sourced price series for Bihar farmland, so no price bands are shown. The table lists the official cost references we could source; the MVR is the government’s minimum value, not a market price.

ItemScopeReported figure*Source
Stamp dutyConveyance deed, statewide6% of market valueCAG audit, 2017-18
Registration feeConveyance deed, statewide2% of market valueCAG audit, 2017-18
Additional stamp dutyLand inside municipal areas2% of valuationCAG audit, 2017-18
Conversion feeAgricultural to non-farm use, outside municipal and master-plan urban areas10% of market valueConversion Act 2010, s.4
Minimum Value RegisterStatewide government rateRevised in 2026; last revised 2013 (rural) and 2016 (urban)Prabhat Khabar, June 2026

*Reported figures, not market prices. Duty is charged on the higher of the deed value and the MVR value for the plot’s category, so the MVR revision raised costs even where sale prices did not move. Check the current MVR for the exact mauza and land class on the Nibandhan e-services site before fixing a deal value. We will add sourced price bands for districts as they become available on the district pages.

Transaction costs

Stamp duty & registration in Bihar

6%

Stamp duty on a conveyance deed

as stated in the 2017-18 audit report

2%

Registration fee on a conveyance deed

as stated in the same audit

2026

Year the MVR was revised

revised 19 June 2026, the first revision in about a decade, as reported

The Comptroller and Auditor General’s revenue audit of Bihar for the year ended 31 March 2018 describes stamp duty at six per cent and registration fee at two per cent on an instrument treated as a conveyance, with an additional two per cent stamp duty on the valuation of land in municipal areas, and says both are levied on market value worked out from the Minimum Value Register under notifications of February and July 2013 (CAG report No. 2 of 2019). The same audit found a Patna valuation committee had cut the MVR for one urban area without following the prescribed method, which shows how much the register matters to what a buyer pays. In June 2026 the state raised the register itself. Prabhat Khabar reported that from 19 June 2026 the MVR was doubled in urban and peripheral areas and raised by 60% in rural areas, the first revision in about a decade, with a further 5% rise each financial year and a full review every three years (Prabhat Khabar, 18 June 2026). The same report put the general stamp duty at 7%, up from 6%, with a 0.5 percentage point concession for women buyers, which differs from the audit figures above, so ask the sub-registrar office for the current duty before you budget. Periphery was defined as up to 8 km around a municipal corporation and 4 km around a municipal council. Compensation for land acquired for roads and railways is also now set on the MVR in force on the notification date (Prabhat Khabar, 23 August 2026). Duty and fee are charged on the MVR value, so the same deed now carries a much larger bill in and around towns. Registration and fee payment run through the Nibandhan portal, and our Bihar stamp duty guide and MVR guide explain how to look up the rate for a plot. Budget separately for mutation, the survey copy fees and an advocate’s title search, which are small next to the duty but are where most delays happen. If the land is agricultural and you intend to build, add the 10% conversion fee under the 2010 Act to the cost before you agree a price.

Connectivity

How Bihar connects — road, rail, air and the river crossings

Expressways, airports and the Ganga bridges that link north and south Bihar.

🚗 By road

Varanasi to AurangabadSix-lane NH, reported in final stages
Amas to DarbhangaAccess-controlled highway, reported due 2026

✈️ By air

GayaAirport on 954 acres
DarbhangaUDAN flights since 2020
PurneaInterim terminal, September 2025
BihtaCivil enclave under construction

🚆 By rail

Patna, Danapur, Rajendra NagarMain junctions on the Delhi–Howrah route
Gaya, DehriGrand Chord line in south Bihar

🌉 The river crossings

North and south Bihar trade across the Ganga, so bridges shape land markets as much as highways do. The 19.76 km Kacchi Dargah–Bidupur six-lane project, with a 9.76 km cable-stayed bridge linking the Patna side to Vaishali, was reported built in July 2026, at a cost of Rs 4,988 crore (Prabhat Khabar, July 2026). Air figures for Patna, Gaya, Darbhanga, Purnea and Bihta are from a September 2025 government note (PIB). Land within reach of a new bridge or interchange has usually repriced before the road opens, so date your comparisons. For farmland the nearest all-weather road and the distance to a block market or mandi usually matter more than the distance to an airport, and in north Bihar the height of the access road above flood level is worth checking in person.

Growth catalysts

Upcoming infrastructure & developments

Status as of November 2026, maintained by the Farmland India research desk. Government-announced timelines are not guaranteed.

03Expressways

At land acquisition stage

07Catalysts

Land acquisition · reported Aug 2025Patna–Purnia Expressway (NE-9)
Reported · Oct 2026Gorakhpur–Siliguri Expressway
Announced · Aug 2025Raxaul–Haldia Expressway
Under construction · 2027 target (reported)Bihta civil enclave (Patna)
Operational · first section Oct 2025Patna Metro
Under construction · 99.1% in July 2026Kacchi Dargah–Bidupur bridge
Agreements signed · Nov 2024Integrated Manufacturing Cluster, Gaya
Land acquisition · reported Aug 2025

Patna–Purnia Expressway (NE-9)

A 250 km greenfield expressway from Miranagar Arezi near Hajipur on NH-22 to Hansdaha on NH-27 in Purnea, designated National Expressway-9, with link roads to Samastipur, Saharsa and Madhepura. Land acquisition was reported under way in more than 250 villages across 29 blocks, with construction to follow. For buyers, the useful facts are the interchange locations and the acquisition notices by village; farmland right on the alignment is more likely to be acquired at the government rate than sold at a premium.

Source: Patrika, 19 Aug 2025

Length

250 km

Villages

250+ in 29 blocks

Interchanges

21 planned

Land markets in the blast radius

  • Vaishali (Hajipur)
  • Samastipur
  • Saharsa
  • Madhepura
  • Purnea
Reported · Oct 2026

Gorakhpur–Siliguri Expressway

A greenfield expressway across the northern edge of Bihar. Prabhat Khabar reported on 13 October 2026 that the eight-district project was still awaiting Union Cabinet approval and that its land acquisition could stall. On 2 November 2026 it reported a revised NHAI report putting the cost at about Rs 73,000 crore for a six-lane road, 417 km of the roughly 568 km route being in Bihar, headed for the PPP appraisal committee. The route runs through some of the most flood-exposed districts in the state, so embankment and drainage design will matter to land beside it.

Source: Prabhat Khabar, 13 Oct 2026; Prabhat Khabar, 2 Nov 2026

In Bihar

About 417 km

Districts

8

Cost

About Rs 73,000 crore

Land markets in the blast radius

  • West Champaran
  • Sitamarhi
  • Madhubani
  • Supaul
  • Araria
  • Kishanganj
Announced · Aug 2025

Raxaul–Haldia Expressway

A north-south greenfield expressway from the Nepal border at Raxaul towards the port at Haldia, crossing the Ganga between Begusarai and Lakhisarai. In August 2025 the alignment approval committee cleared the route and the districts were told to set up land-acquisition authorities.

Source: Prabhat Khabar, 7 Aug 2025

In Bihar

About 585 km

Districts

10

Land needed

About 4,866 ha

Land markets in the blast radius

  • East Champaran
  • Muzaffarpur
  • Samastipur
  • Begusarai
  • Munger
  • Banka
Under construction · 2027 target (reported)

Bihta civil enclave (Patna)

A new civil airport inside the Bihta Air Force Station, west of Patna, approved by the Union Cabinet at Rs 1,413 crore in August 2024. The foundation stone has been laid, and in May 2026 Prabhat Khabar reported only about 5% of the terminal work done after 14 months, against a 31 March 2027 deadline.

Source: PIB, Sep 2025 · Prabhat Khabar, 29 May 2026

Cost

Rs 1,413 crore

Design capacity

50 lakh passengers

Target

2027 (reported)

Land markets in the blast radius

  • Bihta
  • Naubatpur
  • Maner
  • Danapur
Operational · first section Oct 2025

Patna Metro

The first 3.45 km elevated section, with Patliputra Bus Terminal, Zero Mile and Bhoothnath stations, opened on 6 October 2025. The full project has a Red Line of 16.86 km and a Blue Line of 14.56 km with 24 stations; the underground Blue Line stretch was targeted for the end of 2026 in a January 2026 review.

Source: PTI via ThePrint, Oct 2025

Cost

Rs 13,925.5 crore

Network

31.42 km, 24 stations

Open

3.45 km (Oct 2025)

Land markets in the blast radius

  • Patna city
  • Phulwari Sharif
  • Danapur
Under construction · 99.1% in July 2026

Kacchi Dargah–Bidupur bridge

A 19.76 km greenfield link, including a 9.76 km six-lane cable-stayed bridge over the Ganga, from Sabalpur on the Patna side to Bidupur in Vaishali, joining the Patna–Bakhtiyarpur bypass. One lane opened in June 2025; Prabhat Khabar reported the main six-lane bridge built in July 2026, at a cost of Rs 4,988 crore.

Source: Prabhat Khabar, 20 Jul 2026

Total length

19.76 km

River bridge

9.76 km

Progress

99.1% (Jul 2026)

Land markets in the blast radius

  • Patna City
  • Fatuha
  • Raghopur
  • Bidupur
Agreements signed · Nov 2024

Integrated Manufacturing Cluster, Gaya

An industrial node of the Amritsar–Kolkata Industrial Corridor, to be built by a joint company of NICDC and the state’s industrial development authority. Agreements were signed in November 2024; plots, roads and utilities are still to come. Industrial nodes tend to lift land values in a ring a few kilometres out rather than inside the acquired boundary, and only once allotments and factories actually start.

Source: PTI via The Week, 12 Nov 2024

Area

1,670 acres

Project cost

Rs 1,339 crore

Projected jobs

About 1,09,185

Land markets in the blast radius

  • Gaya
  • Bodh Gaya
  • Aurangabad

Agriculture & terrain

Soil, crops & water across Bihar

Crop belts, floods and groundwater. Water figures are from the Central Ground Water Board assessment for 2024 and the state flood management cell.

North Bihar: paddy, maize and litchi

The plain between the Gandak and the Kosi gets close to 1,200 mm of rain a year. Muzaffarpur’s contingency plan lists rice on 119.3 thousand ha, wheat on 96.1 thousand ha and maize on 28 thousand ha, plus 7.5 thousand ha of litchi (ICAR-CRIDA, Muzaffarpur). Madhubani, further east, is rice and wheat with 8.5 thousand ha of mango and nearly 5,900 farm ponds (ICAR-CRIDA, Madhubani).

  • Kharif paddy, then wheat or maize in rabi
  • Litchi and mango orchards around Muzaffarpur and Darbhanga
  • Ponds for fish and makhana in low land

South Bihar: rice, wheat and pulses

South of the Ganga the soils are older alluvium and canal and tubewell irrigation are better developed. Patna district’s plan puts 78% of net sown area under irrigation, with rice on 135 thousand ha, wheat on 95.1 thousand ha and lentil on 46.1 thousand ha (ICAR-CRIDA, Patna).

  • Rice–wheat on irrigated land
  • Lentil, gram and potato in rabi
  • Vegetables on the edge of Patna and Gaya

Diara and Tal land

Diara is the sandy, shifting land in and beside the river beds; Tal is a chain of saucer-shaped depressions south of the Ganga in Patna, Nalanda, Lakhisarai, Munger and Bhagalpur. Tal land stays under water from August to early October and is mostly single-cropped (ICAR-CRIDA, Patna).

  • Rabi pulses after the water drains
  • Ceiling Act treats diara and chaur as a separate land class

Groundwater

The 2024 assessment put Bihar’s extraction at 45.54% of annual recharge. Of 535 assessment units, 473 were safe, 49 semi-critical, 9 critical and 4 over-exploited, the stressed units being mostly in the central belt south of the Ganga (CGWB, January 2025). Ask for the block’s category, not the state average.

Floods

About 68,800 sq km, or 73.06% of the state, is counted as flood affected, and 76% of north Bihar’s people live with recurring flood risk. The northern rivers carry heavy silt from catchments that lie about 65% in Nepal and Tibet (FMIS, Water Resources Department).

Rainfall

District plans give normal annual rainfall of 1,054 mm for Patna, 1,185 mm for Madhubani and 1,198.6 mm for Muzaffarpur, most of it between June and September (ICAR-CRIDA). Rain is not the constraint; drainage and flood timing are. A late-receding flood can delay rabi sowing by weeks, which is why plot height matters as much as soil.

At a glance

Bihar’s regions side by side

RegionPrice seriesWater and irrigationNote
Patna and Magadh (south-central)None sourced*Tubewells and canals; Tal land floods Aug–OctCapital region, metro, Bihta airport, township zoning
Bhojpur and Rohtas (south-west)None sourced*Sone canal systemRice–wheat belt on the Varanasi side
Tirhut and Saran (north-west)None sourced*Gandak and Burhi Gandak; flood riskLitchi belt, new expressway alignments
Mithila, Kosi and Seemanchal (north-east)None sourced*Kosi, Kamla and Mahananda; highest flood exposurePurnea airport, Patna–Purnia and Gorakhpur–Siliguri routes

*No sourced price series exists for these regions, so none is shown; the MVR for each mauza is the official reference. Flood and water notes draw on the state flood management cell and CGWB 2024; road notes on Patrika. Neighbouring states follow different land laws: compare the Uttar Pradesh page before treating a border plot as alike.

Harvested paddy field beside green maize, a farm pond and a hand-pump tubewell in north Bihar

State report — Bihar

Farmland India view

Why investors look at Bihar

Five points this desk weighs for Bihar, each tied to a source on this page.

Roads are reaching new districts

Three expressways at the acquisition stage, Patna–Purnia, Gorakhpur–Siliguri and Raxaul–Haldia, run through districts that have never had access-controlled roads. Land near a confirmed interchange is the realistic play; land “near the alignment” before notification is a guess. Notified alignments and land acquisition awards are public; use them.

Patna is getting a second airport

The Bihta civil enclave, approved at Rs 1,413 crore, sits at Bihta, west of the city. With the metro, the ring road and the Ganga bridges, it is pulling demand west and south of Patna rather than only into the city.

The MVR reset changes the arithmetic

Revised government rates in 2026 raised the floor on which duty is paid. Where deeds were registered close to the old MVR, buyers now pay more tax on the same land, which slows flipping and favours longer holds.

Records will get cleaner, slowly

The special survey will give each village a fresh Khatiyan and map. Until it closes, land with a finished survey entry and a matching Jamabandi is worth more than land without, and the gap is a pricing signal in itself. Buyers with patience can sometimes buy the second kind cheaply and fix it, but only if the dispute is clerical and not about ownership.

Flood risk is priced unevenly

Three-quarters of the state is flood affected, yet many sellers quote north Bihar plots as if they were on high ground. A flood history check can be the cheapest due diligence a buyer does.

Confirm Jamabandi, mutation, ceiling and conversion status directly — these are not certified by Farmland India’s review.

STRAIGHT TALK

Risks & challenges in Bihar

Read these before shortlisting. The risks below are general to Bihar; the district pages add local ones.

Floods and river erosion

The state counts 73.06% of its area as flood affected, and the northern rivers shift course and bury fields in sand (FMIS). Ask villagers how high the 2008 and later floods reached, look for silt lines on walls, and treat diara land as seasonal. Embankments reduce but do not remove the risk; land just inside an embankment can waterlog when sluices close, and land outside it floods every year.

Records that do not match

The Jamabandi, the old Khatiyan and the survey entries can each show a different owner or area. Read all three, and fix errors through Parimarjan before registry rather than after. A buyer who registers on a faulty Jamabandi inherits the correction case, and mutation is usually refused until it is settled.

Unpartitioned family land

Much Bihar land is held jointly by heirs who never partitioned it. A sale by one branch can be challenged by the others. Ask for a registered partition deed or a family settlement signed by every branch, and check the survey self-declaration for co-sharers.

Government and Bhoodan land

Gair mazarua (government) land and Bhoodan land are regularly sold by people with no title to it. The revenue department’s own figures show lakhs of acres of Bhoodan land still in process (Deccan Herald).

Ceiling and surplus land

A plot declared surplus under the 1961 Act, or acquired above a family’s ceiling, can be taken back by the Collector (Ceiling Act, s.16–17). Large consolidated buys need a ceiling check on the buyer’s family too.

Unconverted use

Building on farmland outside municipal or master-plan areas without SDO permission draws the 10% conversion fee plus a 50% penalty on it (Conversion Act 2010, s.6). Farmhouse plots are a common case. Colonies laid out on agricultural land without conversion or an approved layout can leave buyers with plots they cannot legally build on or get a power connection for.

Acquisition and township zoning

Expressway corridors and the satellite township zones have been under acquisition notices or sale bans in the last two years (Prabhat Khabar, August 2025; Prabhat Khabar, April 2026). Check the latest notification for the village, not last year’s.

Under-stated deeds

Registering below the MVR invites a deficit-duty demand, and a 2026 rule change was reported to allow penalties of up to 100% where value is concealed (Prabhat Khabar). Pay duty on the full value. A cash component also leaves the buyer with no proof of the real price if the deal is later challenged.

Who to contact

Local revenue & registration offices

Land administration in Bihar runs through the Revenue and Land Reforms Department (Bihar Bhumi for Jamabandi, mutation, maps and rent receipts; Parimarjan for record corrections). At the local level the Circle Office (Anchal) under the Circle Officer handles mutation and land possession certificates, the Sub-Divisional Officer decides conversion applications under the 2010 Act, and the Collector hears appeals and ceiling matters. Deeds are registered at the district and sub-registrar offices of the Registration Department, whose online services are on Nibandhan. Each district’s collectorate has its own NIC website, for example patna.nic.in. In practice, the circle office is where most problems are solved or created: the halka karmachari and the revenue officer there prepare the mutation report, and an objection filed at that stage can hold a sale for months. Visit with the seller, ask for the register entry to be shown on screen, and keep copies of every acknowledgement. For survey questions, the camp office of the special survey for the circle is the place to check claims and objections.

COMMON QUESTIONS

Frequently asked questions

Everything buyers, NRIs and investors ask before their first reviewed farmland purchase in Bihar.

Visit full wiki

01 of 04

Can a non-farmer buy agricultural land in Bihar?

We found no provision in Bihar’s tenancy or ceiling laws that limits farmland purchases to agriculturists, unlike Gujarat. The limits are the family ceiling under the 1961 Ceiling Act and the need for SDO permission under the 2010 Conversion Act before any non-farm use.

Transparency

Sources and references

Law and courts

Government

News

Further reading

Data-currency note: sources were read in November 2026. Infrastructure timelines, the MVR and survey deadlines change often; check the linked source and the relevant office before relying on any figure.

For developers

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